A Paper About Justice, Dignity, Torture, Headscarves: Can Durkheim’s Socioligy Clarify Legal Values?/ Roger Cotterrell

Task: Could you write a one to two page summary of what Cotterrell says can be learned from a sociological approach in thinking what to do about the famous problem of whether Muslim women should be allowed to dress in all -covering veil. Restrictions on the wearing of the Islamic head scarf and body covering gown – A legal-moral issue In his article – Justice, Dignity, Torture, Headscarves: Can Durkheim's Socioligy Clarify Legal Values? Roger Cotterrell attempts to find out what Emile Durkheim would say regarding two issues that stand out in present days – the acceptability of torture in defense of national security; and restrictions on the wearing of the Islamic headscarf. Cotterrell takes Derkheim's approach regarding the sociology of morality in order to examine moral and legal evaluation of contemporary legal studies – Cotterrell examines Durkheim's ‘Moral individualism' idea (‘the cult of the individual’ or ‘cult of the human person’) concerning those two issues. I would focus on the second issue and would try to summarize Cotterrell's arguments on what the Durkheimian approach would say regarding the famous problem of whether Muslim women should be allowed to dress in all-covering veil. Firstly, I will explain what â€Å"Moral individualism† is and Durkheim's justifications for it. Then, I will display Cotterrell's justifications to why this approach is relevant nowadays. Thirdly, I will examine the dilemma in hand in a sociological way and try and understand what Cotterrell and Durkheim would say on the matter. Moral Individualism': According to Cotterrell, the essential idea that stands on the basis of the ‘Moral Individualism' principle is â€Å"universal respect for the equal human dignity and autonomy of every member of society, whatever differences there may be in the outlook, position, life conditions or roles of society’s members†. Durkheim feels strongly about ensuring that societies will integrate, or rat her – will be able to integrate, and will be able to be cohesive. I. e. if individuals in a certain society grant equal and ultimate respect to other individuals and their autonomy – that society will be able to better integrate and be cohesive and will ultimately work better as a group/society. Current relevancy: Cotterrell argues that the ‘Moral individualism' idea provides an alternative to familiar current ideas about the subject of human dignity. Durkheim's ideas â€Å"on solidarity and the body suggests that prohibiting certain forms of this, but not others, contravenes values of human dignity†. For example, if society does not respect the choice of Muslim women to dress in a certain way – society, de facto, does not respect these women's right for human dignity. Durkheim does not claim that following an investigation according to the ‘Moral Individualism' principle will result in a global time-less conclusion, but a specific conclusion of practices needed in order to ensure stable, cohesive society. Another justification Cotterrell finds is in the demand law makes from citizens nowadays. Today, more than ever – law should be examined as an expression of morality as appose to an expression of power, not philosophically but in a way of finding the compatible terms and â€Å"conditions of co-existence of individuals and groups in a certain time and place†. Regulation of female Islamic dress: Cotterrell depicts what Durkheim sees as the problematic character of sexuality viewed in the light of the socio-logical necessity of ‘Moral Individualism': sexual relations, in Durkheim's view, causes a sacrifice of the dignity and autonomy of both sexes in this action, and women in particular. This sacrifice leads to an exception in a society where the values of dignity and autonomy are fundamental and necessary. This exception, which is part of â€Å"islands of exceptions† that can be found in Durkheim's idea, leads to an ambiguity in practicing rights protecting dignity and autonomy especially for women. Following this line of thought, Cotterrel argues that the practice of Muslim women wearing the headscarves or the body-covering gown is fitting to Durkheim's ‘Moral Individualism' principle. This argues that in order to protect this idea, which is fundamental, â€Å"we conceal our body as well as our inner life from prying eyes†. This concealment is possibly in order to desexualize public social space, to terminate that ‘island of exception'. Meaning, the women that are wearing these covering garments actually makes it easier to help the society be more cohesive and to be more of the same. In my opinion, this method of achieving ‘Moral Individualism' is not appropriate, because it takes away from the individual the ability to reveal her face, her facial expressions and it is probably very uncomfortable at certain times. I should add that ‘Moral Individualism' is supposed to celebrate diversity and individualism, but it does not in this example of the headscarf issue. Cotterrell argues the same notion but in a cultural integration way. He claims that these women are taken away from the public space because of the cultural differences these garments impose on non-Muslim society. To summarize, Durkheim offers a different approach to the discussion about â€Å"Islamic headscarves† and even bypasses much pre-existing debate on the matter as Cotterrell argues. Moral Individualism' justifies the wearing of all-covering garments since it helps avoiding sexual connotations when integrating within a multi-cultural society. However, this approach also suggests that women's choices of clothes should be connected to ‘Moral Individualism'. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Note that these women's relig ion is not the issue here, they could have believed in a Judaism or Buddhism, and the principle would have remained the same.

Advertisements: Create Articial Needs Essay

* Advertisement introduction * Disadvantages of advertisements * How are dey harmful? With respect to dffrnt walks of lyf? * Examples justifying this motion * Conclusion * Whole debate conclusion. Advertising a product is the medium of introducing to customers, therby increasing the product sales. Some people say that advertising encourages us to buy that we really do not need which is actuliee true for a larger extent. I agree with the topic that due to advertisements most of the time people are encouraged to buy things they really do not need. And it creates artificial needs. Advertising or advertizing is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. Some advertisers cleverly create a misleading impressions of their goods. They present a very rosy picture of their products, before the consumers with the object of increasing their sales. See more:Â  Manifest Destiny essay Advertising manipulates us to buy things we don’t need by playing on our emotions. It creates artificial needs. Sometimes they create confusion in the minds of people which brand of the product to buy. This is why The content of advertising has long been subjected to much criticism. With the advertisement of proucts on cigarettes, alcoholic products, poeple are tempted buy them, which will harm their health.

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive Essay

To what extent was the Enlightenment socially inclusive - Essay Example Scholars such as Robert Darnton associated enlightenment with the conventional enlightenment philosophy. As observed by modern scholars, to understand the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive, systematic evaluation on intellectual progress that took place to both intellectuals and other people from different social status is vital (Hof 1994, p. 91). Initially, enlightenment involved both low and high enlightenment process in Europe at different levels. The essay will therefore focus on the extent in which enlightenment was socially inclusive. The extent to which enlightenment was socially inclusive in the European continent in the 18th century can best be evaluated by systematically analysing two enlightenments, the low enlightenment and the high enlightenment. The high enlightenment is the intellectual progress among the intelligent people of the 18th century who included professional elites and nobles. These elites and other intellectuals in the society were also in a position of accessing, reading, and writing publications such as encyclopaedia (Israel 2001, p. 127). In addition, high enlightenment received impetus from natural philosophical writings and publications. The works and publications of natural philosophers as well as the role of academic institutions increased the popularity and intellectual curiosity of the high enlightenment. Moreover, the elites and professionals in the 18th century came up with â€Å"Republic of Letters† that were read by people from different states in Europe (Chukwudi Eze 1996, P. 256). Professionals and social elites who did not take part in writing publications participated in reading and debating the enlightenment ideas and teaching either in their social gathering or in salon centres. Social and political leaders and advisors also showed endless interests in opinions, teachings, and ideas that were contained in the â€Å"Republic Of Letters†. Religious leaders including Frederick the great also confirmed that, the ideas and contents that were contained in the â€Å"Republic of Letters† demonstrated religious tolerance in the treatment of Huguenots, Jesuits and Jews (Muthu, 2003, p. 137). Despite being apparent, the definition and the explanation of the ideas that are contained in high enlightenment has proved to be complicated. Example of the existing contradictions in the understanding and definition of the contents contained in enlightenment is found in â€Å"Essay on Miracle† composed by David Hume’s in 1748. The essay questions the existence of miracle as stated in the publications that talk about enlightenment. Thomas Sherlock’s â€Å"Trial of the Witness of the Resurrection of Jesus† (1729) confirms the existence of miracle in the society. Currently, there is no specific party charter that can be used by scholars to understand the enlightenment principles (Rousseau and Porter 1990, P. 147). Despite insufficient information rega rding enlightenment principles, scholars have made several generalisations on the principles of enlightenment. Enlightenment talked about the significance and relevance of intellectual curiosity. Enlightenment also emphasised the importance of pursuing practical ideas that could improve human life. In addition, scholars also taught the significance of independent mind and debate as well as the need for revaluation of the entire bodies of knowledge (Black 1990, p. 91). Low

Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Digital Marketing - Essay Example In the past Clarks has overcome challenges such as volatile market conditions, lack of financial flexibility as well as questionable planning and today, through extensive employment of digital marketing, Clarks is one of the largest private companies in the united kingdom and with massive global presence (Jones, 2012 p, 192-193). According to Tran (2012), Clarks’ products have a good reputation for high quality and are available in the latest fashions. The products have a good reputation for high quality and are available in the latest fashions. In the changing footwear industry, Clarks always comes with refreshing brands. The launch of online business has been a success for the company in building its international brand. Clarks has three main distinctive products that include the Desert Boot, Wallabee and desert Trek. The main feature for Clarks shoes is that they have unique comfort. Clarks designs and manufactures shoes that are uniquely styled, comfortable and of premium quality. Its concept of comfort in footwear dates back to 1960 when the company designed the Moccasin-inspired Wallabee. It was the most comfortable shoe in the world. Today, the Wallabees and the iconic desert Boots still sell at the company stores. Today, Clarks shoes that classified into different categories. They include Clarks walking shoes, Clarks’ casual shoes as well as Clarks business casual shoes. There are many other unstructured collections of shoes for men, women, boys and girls. The company’s product line includes boots, slippers, sandals, casual and sport shoes as well as bags (Jones, 2012 p, 192-193). Digital marketing strategy had been a drive towards the realization of massive digital presence for the company. It all begun in 2010 after the appointment of the current CEO, Melissa Potter, who drove the re-organization of the company’s business operations. Most importantly he launched online business for the company, and it has made Clarks a

Reducing urban traffic congestion Research Paper

Reducing urban traffic congestion - Research Paper Example Having been faced by various divergent perspectives on policies and approaches for dealing with traffic congestions, what kind of recommendation can policy makers be given in order to ensure there are the best possible policy outcomes of transport? Traffic congestions in urban areas takes on numerous faces, takes place in distinct contexts, and is as result of various processes. Due to these reasons, there is no one particular approach to managing traffic congestions; and this paper is therefore is not dictatorial about specific management measures of traffic congestions in urban areas. Nevertheless, there are quite a number of things that policies for traffic congestion management should consider if they are to reduce traffic congestions in urban areas. With that regards, this paper seeks to address traffic congestions in urban areas, its causes, costs and impacts, and management measures and strategies of reducing traffic congestions (Fielding 239). It is very unlikely that vehicle automation or roadway construction will alleviate most major urban traffic congestion in future. ... ches and compare them qualitatively against different criteria: economic efficiency, effectiveness at reducing congestion, flexibility of access for urgent trips, and income distribution effects. There are also recommendations made concerning measures of capacity-allocation with prospective to increase economic efficiency and to minimize traffic congestion (Laian 178). Introduction Traffic congestion are the incremental costs originating from among road users’ interference. The effects are significant under peak urban conditions in which volumes of traffic approach the capacity of the road. The consequent traffic congestion minimizes mobility and increases vehicle costs, driver stress and pollution. Traffic congestion is considered as one of the primary urban transportation problems, with an annual approximated cost of $100 billion in the United States, comparable to other countries. For example, in 2000, in US metropolitan areas, the average driver endured 27 traffic delay ho urs, an increase from 7 traffic delay hours in 1980. Traffic delays are noticeably worse than in the United States in many other countries. In developing countries traffic congestion in urban areas is rising with alarming rapidity. For more than 5 decades, economists have been advocating pricing of traffic congestion as the way to manage traffic congestion in urban areas; however, in spite some successes, pricing of traffic congestion is still encountering substantial resistance politically (Paulley 176). Urban centers and traffic have simultaneously developed since the earliest massive human settlements. Similar forces drawing inhabitant to congregate in large cities and urban areas result into intolerable traffic congestion levels on city streets and thoroughfares. An effective governance of

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance - Research Paper Example This however, has led to utilizing the stock exchange indicators of the three distinctive countries i.e. Abu Dhabi, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. We ascertain that all the preceding three markets eliminates aught supposition that the returns adopt a convention statistical distribution. Additionally, we get hold that hypothesis bearing on to haphazard walk and feeble form efficiency of the three GCC countries and its markets is declined for all three issues including variegation benefits, based on the correlation statistics of returns. From the analytic thinking, we restates that the necessitate for an incorporated DCC stock market should be availed since the results and suggestions have fuller entailments due to security psychoanalysis, adorning community, securities market and other regulatory authorities in their policy decisions to improve their capital market performance. However, this field research entailed market efficiency, Random walk Kolmogorov-smimov test, Runs test for randomne ss which was articulated to find out the market analysis of the three GCC countries. Introduction Stock exchange, act as a determinant persona in cementing the relationship between the investors and the embodied sector (Solink, 2003). In this appendage, they alleviate in marshaling the economies of people and channelize them to the increment of trade, commercialism and industrialized sectors of an economic system. In a nutshell, stock markets caper a significant purpose in capital establishment and avail fuel economical maturation in the country. Considering it from the investor’s viewpoint, securities market cognitive operation are frequently equated to operations in adventuring dens, and the investors anticipate the flop winning schemes employing infinite processes and methods at liberty. All the same, the investor’s elemental target is to rally the market in spite of the fact that most off times investors are channelized by the persuasions of faith and phobic disord er. Notwithstanding, intellectual investors like to bid dependable and adorn their hand-earned net worth optimally. Those investors look for devised entropy and coherent abstract thought backed up by technological ways and techniques, since the two blossom circumstances of sensible investors are the risk and return inherently deliver in a security, guidance on deciding the correct stock based on scientific formula aspiring a boon to the investors. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) The GCC commercialize analytic thinking of the three countries will be examined in reference to effective market hypothesis (EMH) and also through Random walk hypothesis (RWH). Unlike the efficient market hypothesis, this principal sum arrogates that the stock prices align rapidly to the new information, and thus, current prices in full reflect all available information. Furthermore, the Efficient Market hypothesis is classified into three sub assumption subject on the information set involved (Farma, 1988 ). The efficient market possibility all the same, avers that whenever the markets are efficient, then it ought to constitute almost impossible for an investor to exceed the market on a corroborated footing. Even though defluxions will occur and there will be periods when securities are all over or depreciated, these anomalousness’s are expected to go away as quickly as they came along, thus coming through almost impossible to profit from them

Brief Management Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Brief Management Analysis - Term Paper Example Managed care organizations usually operate as business entities, to make sure that the limited resources are effectively utilized. The original aim of managed care was to stress on the safeguarding of health of the population instead of carrying out expensive interventions once the health of citizens had already been compromised (Risk, 2009). The expression ‘managed care’ speaks for a group of different arrangements that are still being amended and improved for the most part. Four factors are involved in the funding as well as delivery of health care options to the population. These include the suppliers of care, the consumers of the services, the procurer of the care, and the insurer who compensates for care. The expression ‘managed care’ may also be taken to mean preferred provider organizations (PPOs), health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and utilization review. The preferred provider organization (PPO), which works in league with healthcare providers , is responsible for providing covered services for a reasonable fee. Health care providers who operate under definite contracts are identified as ‘preferred providers’. ... The health maintenance organization also provides all the health-care services that are insured at a fixed price in the premium fee. The healthcare consumer has the option of adding co-payments when interested in making office visits as well as other healthcare services. HMOs are also in charge of delivering healthcare through the communication networks built formed among providers. Utilization review refers to the process of assessing the care that is supplied to individual consumers (Kongstvedt, 2009). Utilization review has been utilized broadly in prepaid health-care measures as well as fee-for-service indemnity. Its main objective is to reduce healthcare costs while also enhancing the quality of healthcare. Managed care organizations have historically included the implementation of different prevention initiatives (Risk, 2009). Many MNOs utilize quality improvement and internal performance-measurement systems like the Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) to test and improve thei r services. Managed care organizations have become a principal source of health care for publicly funded programs such as Medicare and Medicaid as well as the recipients of employer-funded care. In addition, MCOs stand for systems of organized care that usually concentrate on given social groups and are responsible for supporting objectives like prevention activities. The Managed Care Working Group has been at the fore front of proposing recommendations that can foster the integration into managed care of prevention practices. Cost Containment Cost containment proposals have an effect on health care systems through numerous ways. In the first place, cost containment can change the quality of care that

Therapy Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Therapy Models - Essay Example According to the paper, in order to achieve success, in this case, is to break the habits and thought patterns that the patient is constantly trapped in. The urge to consumer an addictive substance is so strong that the patient cannot fight it alone. It’s like controlling an elephant that a person rides on. If the elephant starts taking decisions on its own, start moving wherever it wishes, the driver will have no control on it no matter how much he yells and shouts. But when the elephant and the rider are in such an area that doesn’t have anything that would lure the elephant towards it (alcohol, depressed thoughts), than the elephant can in fact roam freely around. The elephant example is just for understanding how strong the urge is of an addict to get his ‘fix’. Clinical treatment models that are normally used to treat such patients include; inpatient and outpatient treatment, extended care centers, recovery houses (more commonly known as the rehab cent ers), counseling, support groups and orthomolecular medicine. There is a huge emphasis on the reasons why a patient chooses drugs and alcohol and why does he keep taking it? If the patient consciously wants to get rid of the addiction than help is almost everywhere however if there is a belief system tied to the use of the substance then it gets hard for the health providers to treat the patient. For instance in the case of Devdas, he simply chose to use alcohol because it helped him forget the thought of his love for a while. If asked, he would definitely say that ‘let him be’ he likes the pain and misery he is in. Treating such patients can be more difficult than normal addicts, quite contrary to Cynthia (our imaginary patient who came to the clinic herself). She is seeking help and desperately wants to get rid of her chronic depression.

Nutrition and Fit Essay Example for Free

Nutrition and Fit Essay In my composition, I am going to describe some advantages why, we should keep fit. In my opinion is that be fit has not got disadvantages. I am also going to describe what we should do when we want to keep fit and also what we should not do when we want to keep fit. To be fit has a many advantages. When you are fit you have better mood and we do not feel sleepily on the contrary we feel full of energy. You have not got many health problems like arteriosclerosis, heart attack, obesity, anemia etc. When we want to keep fit, like first we should change our eating habits. We should not eat many junk food, candy, sweetened beverages for example Sprite, Coca-Cola, Fanta etc. We have to try to eat a lot of vegetables, fruits and a lot of healthy food because this food comprises from lots of antioxidants, protein and vitamins. We also should try to eat for breakfast, lunch, dinner and also for snack and afternoon snack. When somebody wants to keep fit he/she should aim do a lot of exercises. I think we should try to run every morning and evening. Sometimes we should visit some gym and swimming pool. When we want to keep fit we should not smoke and drink a lot of alcohol. We should not eat a lot. We also must not laze. In my opinion is that be fit is better than be lazy person. I hope that my composition will can help someone to keep fit.

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Organizational Behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people, individuals, and groups act in organizations. In OB people-organization relationships are interpreted and from studying the different topics of OB, better relationships can be built by achieving human objectives, organisational objectives and social objectives. (http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadob.html) Three of the many topics that fall under Organisational Behaviour are Motivation, Communication and Leadership which in this essay will be explained and analysed individually as well as in specific organisational examples to form a better understanding of their importance in organisations and the role they play in organisational behaviour. Motivation involves the forces within a person that effect his or her direction, intensity and persistence of voluntary behaviour (Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010). Motivation plays an incredibly important role in the workplace as organisations are constantly trying to increase the efficiency of the way in which they are run whether their aims are to increase profits or employee satisfaction. Through their employees and what motivates them organisations can do this by using different motivation theories developed by different motivational theorists. Two types of motivation that theorists have identified are intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivators being factors that internally motivate individuals to perform tasks out of personal desire and Extrinsic motivators that involve motivating a person by something they have no control over such as increasing their pay or giving them a promotion. This ties in to Content theories of motivation that all state individuals in an organization all have a set of basic needs and so need these fulfilled to be motivated. A very well known content theory being Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states that as humans we all have five levels of needs and as we satisfy these needs we are motivated and so continue to satisfy needs on higher levels. However to be able to apply such a theory in the workplace workers location on the hierarchy of needs would have to be indentified by their managers. Challenges in implementing a motivation theory such as Maslow’s include people responding to attempts to motivate them differently and trying to figure out what motivates each employee. In order to properly motivate employees, managers must know them and this is rarely the case due to organisations sizes especially with Trans National Corporations (TNCs). Read more:Â  Essay About Organisations and Behaviour This would also cost the organisation time and money and so depending on their financial position, trying to better get to know the employees of the organisation may be quite the challenge. In the current financial situation, this may be a time where this is a challenge for many organisations. Theory X and Y is another content theory of motivation. Deveolped by Douglas McGregor, Theory X and Y are both attitudes managers in organisations have in regards to employees of that organisation and their motivation towards work in the workplace. Theory X managers believe employees are unmotivated to work, lack the drive to do and don’t take any enjoyment out of work. Google is a company where managers have the opposite belief. The belief that employees are motivated to work and take as much enjoyment out of work as they do their social life. For this reason Theory Y managers at Google allow the employees to have very easy and relaxed rules in regards to working time and projects to work on and 20% of work time can be devoted to their own projects which motivates them to work hard. Allowing their employees to do things they enjoy and take so much satisfaction out of their job causes motivation levels to be very and high and so efficiency to be at a high level also. Individuals in the workplace aren’t all motivated by satisfying their needs. Some theories direct their attention to employees and how they make conscious choices that lead to a specific work behaviour. These theories are Process theories of motivation and help to gain knowledge on how behaviour is initiated, directed and sustained. Such theories are made to understand the process of implementing motivators into their behaviour in order to reach the level of rewards the employee desires. One of these theories is the Goal-setting theory, which is the process of motivating employees and clarifying their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives. (Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010) Goal-setting works best with employees who have a high need for achievement, low need for affiliation and high need for autonomy and is most successful in interdependent situations and supportive climates as employees feel they play an important rule in the organization and its success. Research conducted consistently showed that goal-setting techniques have had a positive effect on motivation in the workplace with one of the best goal-setting theories applied being ‘management by objectives’. Management by objectives works by managers setting specific and challenging goals over a specified period in time for each employee that best suit their role. A benefit of management by objectives is it more easily allows appraisal of employee performance pay awards to take place. A massive fault with the management by objective and performance pay awards however is not all people are motivated by money and pay rewards. Different people at different points in their lives and in different scenarios are motivated by different factors. For instance, a young individual straight out of school who has just joined a specific organisation is motivated by trying to impress and is possibly looking to get a promotion as soon as possible while a single mother working two jobs could be motivated by the money as she needs to support her children on her own. What it comes down to is employees all have their own individual needs and the ways companies can best get the most out of their employees is by catering to their needs in return so that motivation in the workplace can be achieved to keep the organization running as smoothly as possible. Communication Communication can be defined as a process in which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people. In the modern world it plays a massively important role, as the effectiveness with which a person will be able to perform in almost any organization will depend massively upon their ability to communicate effectively. (Organisational Communication, The Keystone to managerial effectiveness) Communication in business is everywhere, be it between employees of an organization during group work, management delegating work to subordinates or just an employee of an organization making an order for stock. Before communication can take place a communication channel must be chosen as choosing the correct communication channel for each specific situation is important if the quality of the message being sent is to be maintained through the whole process so that it is the of the same quality when it is received as it was when it was sent. There are three main types of communication channels in a work organization, a formal communication channel, an informal communication channel and an unofficial communication channel. Formal communication is communication in an organization that flows down the hierarchy structures of the organization and involves the transmittal of goals. On the other hand Informal communication doesn’t go down a hierarchal structure and involves communication links developed outside of the hierarchal structure. Similarly, unofficial communication is communication that doesn’t involve the actual organization but is interpersonal and occurs between employees in an organization. A well-known example of unofficial communication is the grapevine and involves such talk between employees as complaints they have with the company and rumours going around concerning the organization. For this reason, unofficial communication can be an advantage for organisations as managers can pick up on false rumours and also better the organisation by fixing the problems talked about by employees. In the long run this has a positive effect on the company by as employees become more effective in their work as they see their thoughts matter. Failures in Communication are more frequent than the successes in the lives of us all and in an organization such failures could be extremely costly and have detrimental effects. To minimise these failures, processes have been designed. (Organisational Communication, The Keystone to managerial effectiveness) The nature of the communication process established in the organisation reflects the management style, degree of employee participation, culture and efficiency of the workplace. (Organizational Behaviour in a Global Context By Albert J. Mills, Jean C. Helms Mills, John Bratton, Carolyn Forshaw) One example of a process model of communication is by Berlo (1960) where he blended his own extensive experiences with the Shannon-Weaver mathematical model. It is depicted in a flow diagram in which there is six parts. The six parts of Berlos communication flow diagram are Communication source-Encoder-Message-Channel-Decoder-Communication receiver. In order for the communication process to run smoothly all six parts of the flow diagram have to be working as each stage of the diagram operates on the basis that the one before it worked first. Unfortunately, all six parts of the flow diagram don’t always work and there can be disruptions in the communication process. These disruptions are barriers to effective communication and are examples of the challenges to applying communication theory to organization. There are many kinds of barriers to effective communication such as Physical barriers, Emotional barriers and Perceptual barriers. Physical barriers to effective communication include distance from the person trying to be communicated with and technology failing. This is why even with a designated communication network flow such as the one coined up by Berlo, communication in an organization isn’t guaranteed to run smoothly. Other challenges become present when applying certain communication processes. Weaver (Shannon and Weaver, 1949) came up with the idea that regardless of the type of communication situation an organization is in, there are always the same problems involved and they can be split into three levels- level A, level B, level C. Level A is the technical problem of achieving accuracy in the transmission of signals, level B is the semantic problem of assuring that the transmitted signals convey the desired meaning and level c is the effectiveness problem of assuring that the received meaning affects behavior in the desired way. Weaver suggests that for communication to be successful in any form each level of the problem must be solved or its effects minimized. Leadership (and Management) Leadership is a very important aspect in organisations of all kinds regardless of their aims, size and the markets they are in. This is because leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how it can be done effectively, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish the shared objectives. (Yukl ,2002). Obviously leadership in one organisation may be different from the next as the managers decide on how to best run the organisation based on factors specific to their own organisation. Such factors can include the organisations structure, the organisations aims and also the organisations corporate culture. This is where leadership theories come into play as they suggest the different ways leaders can carry out their roles and the best way to lead a business from the top. Leadership theories have come up with not only what leaders should do i.e. theories for leaders but also what leaders actually do. i.e. theories of leadership. Theories for leaders main purpose is finding out ways in which to improve leadership effectiveness while Theories of Leadership are directed at a better understanding of leadership processes. (Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010) These theories can be based on a variety of philosophies and can have leadership models based on them. Derived from Leadership theories and models are Leadership styles, which are perceptions of the theories and models acted out in actual organisations. Such Leadership styles include autocratic, participative and laissez-fair. (http://managementhelp.org/ldrship/ldrship.htm) One well-known leadership theory involves what is thought to be the make up of a good leader. This theory is the Traits theory and suggests that people are born with inherited traits, with some traits being particularly suited to leadership and people who make good leaders have the right combination of traits. (http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/theories/trait_theory.htm) Such traits include drive, leadership motivation, honesty, self-confidence and knowledge of the business. A big example of a leader who fits the Trait Theory is Sir Richard Branson the chair of Virgin Group since 1973. (Page 364, Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010) Sir Richard Branson’s Leadership built Virgin Group to more than 200 privately held companies such as Virgin Atlantic Airways, Virgin Holidays and Virgin Rail and has annual sales of over US $5 billion. This shows that with certain characteristics the right leader can have a very positive impact on an organization. However, while there are examples of when the Trait theory has been correct and certain leaders with certain characteristics have successfully led companies, the trait theory has also been criticized. One major criticism of the Trait theory is the failure to recognize the importance of followership in the leadership process. As well as this, not all leaders are going to fit the Trait theory criteria and so because of this the Trait Theory doesn’t apply in all cases. Another Leadership Theory is the Path-goal Theory developed by Robert House. Specifically the theory is a contingency theory (a theory based on the idea that the most effective leadership style depends upon the leader, the followers and the situation) that suggests that leaders can affect motivation, job satisfaction and the performance of work group members by their actions. (Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010) The Leadership behavioural styles such as Directive, Supportive, Participative and Achievement orientated are adopted by the leader in the situations they would best allow the ‘followers’ or subordinates to achieve their specific goal at that point in time. For example a leader in an organization may choose to pick up a supportive style when dealing with a follower who is in need of a more supportive environment. This is how motivation, job satisfaction and work group members performances can be affected. The path-goal theory’s approach to leadership can be seen as better than the roles managers play as they aren’t set roles but are more flexible and orientated towards the subordinates of the leader. An important point to note is that management and leadership are not the same. For example, while a manager would look to exhibit supervisory behaviour, a leader would instead look to exhibit leading behaviour which would involve the leader helping a follower reach their goal instead of just supervising them and watching from the sidelines. (Page 363, Work and Organizational Behaviour, John Bratton, 2010) In conclusion to this essay we can see the importance each Organisational Beahviour topic plays in an organizational structure especially in this day and age. Not only this, but we can see the challenges in applying organizational theories to organizational examples. For example, in implementing such a leadership theory as the traits theory, it can be seen that this can’t be applied to every type of leader there can be because not all leaders are born with these traits, others gain them. Leadership and management in an organization involves both motivation and communication as they are both vital parts of being a leader. Being able to properly apply motivation theories and types in an organization comes down to the person in charge and the approach of motivation will depend on the approach taken with Leadership. For instance, different leaders have different methods of motivating followers and people in their organization. One leader or manager might have a theory y attitude and so will feel not a lot has to be done about motivation while on the other hand a manager with a theory x attitude will believe the opposite. Communication choices in an organization can also be heavily dependant on the leadership and management, as depending on the organizational structure of the organization decided by management communication may flow down the structue in a certain way. Different types of communication may also be determined. One leadership style which prefers more formal commnication, which ties to the idea of commnication following strict organizational structure or another that prefers the more informal approach of commnication. In this essay not only were challenges of implementing organizational theories brought to light, but also the connections that can be drawn involving all three of the organizational topics were made evident.

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical Analysis English Language Essay

Critical Response Teen Magazines A Critical Analysis English Language Essay Magazines aimed at the young teenage women market may give the impression of being a girls best friend. Of course, like everything, they have their strengths and weaknesses but do the strengths outweigh the weaknesses? It seems more likely for the negative effects of teenage magazines to be more prominent than the positive effects but is this really the case? This response reviews the way teenage magazines address issues relevant to young women today, especially from the point of view of promoting healthy body image, safe sex and leading social justice issues. All these aspects are emphasised by techniques used in the composition of these magazines with article structure, visual collages and informal language being the most common. Are the issues they cover and the extent to which they cover them appropriate for their readers? Teenage magazines, such as Dolly and Girlfriend, are often the first place teenagers turn when they have a problem and that is when segments like Dolly Doctor  [1]  are most commonly used. This reinforces the need for the magazines content to be appropriate for their readers; however, this is not always possible. Magazines, such as Cleo and Cosmopolitan, are in a difficult position; whilst they are aimed at the young adult market, 18 to 35-year-old women, a large proportion of their readers are between the age o f 14 and 17. As reported in the respective magazines readership profiles, 35.16 per cent of Cosmopolitan readers  [2]  are aged between 14 and 17 and 29.11 per cent of Cleo readers.  [3]  How does this effect the teens who read these magazines? It appears that these effects are positive, such as encouraging their readers to exercise, as well as negative, for instance lowering their self-esteem. Why are teenage magazines so popular? Issues facing teenagers Teenage magazines play an important role in the average female teenagers life. They provide a wide range of information, from social issues such as smoking and drinking, to issues of a less important nature, such as what to wear to the formal, or how to talk to boys.  [4]  It is, therefore, important that they address the relevant issues teenagers face in society today. One of the biggest issues addressed in teenage magazines is sex, and more importantly, safe sex. The impression you acquire when you pick up a teenage magazine is that they assume that if girls are not sex savvy then they want to be.  [5]   One teenage reader asked the question concerning Chik  [6]  magazine: wheres all the sex stories?  [7]  This simple question supports the theory that teenage magazines are not necessarily successful for the correct reasons. Amongst some groups in society, such as the Christian churches, such articles are often perceived as immoral. It also makes these acts seem more common in society, which is not necessarily true. In fact, 80 percent of 16 year-olds have not had sexual intercourse but by the age of 18 theres a 50 per cent probability that they have.  [8]  Being a virgin is generally criticised by other teenagers. Despite the fact that magazines promote safe sex, research has shown that safe sex does not exist unless two virgins are having sex for the first time and remain with each other for life.  [9]   On the other hand, these magazines run articles on what their readers want to know. If Dolly magazine receive a letter asking for help about not wanting to have sex, they will run an article about abstinence. Or if they receive a letter about date rape, they will run an article about date rape and what to do about it. In the same respect, if a reader asks Dolly, what is masturbation? they will respond with an appropriate article.  [10]   There seems to be a common perception that reading teenage magazines has contributed heavily to readers low self-esteem. As a result of this perception, today teenage magazines seek to promote a health body image. Dolly magazine has a specific section in every issue called the Body Confidence Club  [11]  that is dedicated to motivating teenagers to be content with their body. This ranges from advice on exercising and meditation to healthy eating. Often it will include real-life stories to help teenagers to believe if it worked for them, it can work for me! The deputy editor of Dolly magazine said: We never publish diets or ever say that a girl should lose weight, its only ever about toning up if thats what you want to feel better about yourself.  [12]   The Body Confidence Club is a reader forum where Dolly talks about a body issue and does it in a way that is inspirational. Stories will reflect the problem and show solutions, stimulating teenagers to think that they can change too. Publishing articles on healthy body image next to fashion spreads glorifying all that is tall and skinny  [13]  can have a negative effect. What girls need to remember is that Marilyn Monroe was a size 14 and she was still considered beautiful.  [14]   Even Cosmopolitan has dealt with the issue of body image, introducing the Body Love Initiative in October 2001. This policy states that Cosmopolitan will use models from size 6 to size 16 in every issue, as well as all races. Alongside the models, Cosmopolitan will not publish a diet and has not done so for around seven years. They also ensure that their advertisers do not place unnecessary emphasis on the need to be skinny and consistently publish articles to help readers feel more confident and love the skin they are in. These guidelines were put into place after readers became outraged over a photo shoot, Lingerie Gets Real, featuring women in their underwear.  [15]  Cosmopolitans philosophy is: Healthy eating, healthy body image but being within your healthy body weight range all about feeling good in your own skin.  [16]   Another issue addressed by these magazines concerns popularity amongst peers. This is an important issue in the minds of teenagers, especially in the school environment. The common perception that you have to be cool to obtain the attention of a boy increases the pressure of becoming popular. To quash this assumption Dolly magazine focuses on the fact that popularity is not as important as being confident. Therefore they run stories about how to talk to people, both boys and girls, and how to be more confident in different situations.  [17]  However, confidence is just one part of it. If a teenager does not feel popular she is less likely to be confident. So it is important to address popularity as an issue of concern. Mental health and wellbeing are important issues to address for teenagers. They need to gain understanding of the causes, occurrences and management of these disorders. Without this knowledge there are often misconceptions about disorders such as schizophrenia and depression. Suicide, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and self-harm are all common topics of discussion in Dolly magazine because of the many letters received requesting information about certain mental illnesses. The deputy editor of Dolly states that: In all of those stories we do talk to experts about the issue and get information that the girls can use.  [18]   Cosmopolitan, on the other hand, always runs feel-good articles in the magazine each month to help their readers overcome their own anxiety and stress  [19]  but they do not run articles to increase the awareness of mental illnesses. Illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are rarely mentioned in Cosmopolitan. Physical impairment is another issue that needs to be dealt with. This is to ensure that teenagers acknowledge that people with physical impairments are not different. Dolly often publishes articles on the life story of someone with a physical impairment to show the readers that despite this impairment and the obstacles in their life they still live normally and they are like any other person. However, Cosmopolitan and Cleo fail to cover issues about physical impairment. How magazines are composed How do magazines persuade people to read so many articles and view the visual images constructed in each monthly issue? This is achieved through the language and visual techniques that are used and accentuated to capture the attention of the reader. These include structure, interviews, language features, pull-quotes, rhetorical questions and visual texts. Firstly, the structure of most feature articles is changing. They are beginning to be separated by many sub-headings. By using sub-headings it allows the reader to go straight to the part of the article they are particularly interested in. For example in the Dolly article, The Rise of the Straight Edgers,  [20]  if a person knew what a Straight Edger is, but was wondering where the name came from they can go to the sub-section, Whats with the name?  [21]  Or if they wanted to find out more, they are directed to the section, Wanna know more?  [22]  This means that a person can get what they want out of the article quickly without having to read the entire article. The types of articles also vary from stories, interviews and notes. Stories are effective in entertaining as well as informing. The investigation into the statistic that 1 in 5 women will experience violence during pregnancy  [23]  is informing the reader about the risks of violence during pregnancy as well as telling the stories of women who lost their lives at the hand of the father of their unborn child. The use of interviews creates the impression that the reader is communicating with the interviewee, and not reading it second hand. An interview, such as Tammin Sursoks subtitled, The first time I ,  [24]  gives the reader the feeling of having a conversation with your best friend about the first time you kissed a boy had sex fell in love à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [25]  This creates the effect that the reader is getting to know the celebrity personally, instead of just reading a magazine interview. The use of first person also emphasizes this in the mind of the reader. This approach is taken in most interviews in magazines in an attempt to personalize the article for the reader. Notes allow the reader to go straight to short bits of information. In Rags to Riches  [26]  the reader can quickly obtain small pieces of fact from the spreadsheet of information. These text formats allow different readers to access the information that is of specific interest to them. The language used amongst teenage magazines is informal, conversational and full of jargon and slang. This is because these magazines try to speak to the reader, not speak at them. You could imagine that if one of these magazines happened to use formal language it would appear as though the magazine is a text book and very serious. Informal language creates a much more carefree approach to topics of discussion positioning the reader to relate more easily. For example, if this sentence: When you look at Jade, she strikes you as just another spunky chick, in miniature  [27]   was written formally it would say something along the lines of: Upon viewing Jade, your first impression of her would be, a short but fashionable woman. Instead, using informal language helps to keep the teenagers interested and they are more likely to read and understand what is being said. It also fits in with each magazines philosophy  [28]   to be the readers friend and adviser. Jargon and slang reaches the teenagers on their level. In this particular sentence slang is adopted strongly and still manages to communicate its message: You probably heard Paris [Hilton] threw a tanti when she saw her porn vid being sold by her local newsstand owner  [29]   Words such as tanti and vid are slang for tantrum and video. The purpose of this language is to relate to the teens by communicating to them using their own jargon. Emotive language is used to create a response in the reader and is present in sections like Dolly Doctor  [30]  and Sex, Body and Friends Advice  [31]  . Its intention is to convey the message that the writers at each magazine truly care about the issues people are asking about and they offer genuine advice to help their reader. When Girlfriend Advice was questioned about bullying, their response was: All of us here at GF [Girlfriend] feel very strongly that you have a right to feel totally safe at school.  [32]   The expression of concern for the girl being bullied helps the girl to believe that they really care. Dolly magazine also does the same thing. When Dolly counsellor, Louise Redmond, was asked about whether there is something wrong with a girl who keeps being excluded from her friendship groups plans she responds: Theres absolutely nothing wrong with you! Hard as it is, dont take it personally.  [33]   As a result of this expression of kindness and concern the person asking the question then feels compelled to follow the advice handed out to them by the magazine. The use of second person addresses the reader. Its inclusiveness embraces each readers concerns. Pull-quotes are used within articles to compel you to read an article. A pull-quote is a quote from the article that is selected and highlighted amongst the text in a different coloured and larger sized font. This device is used to draw the readers eye to the page. The quote is chosen on its strength and whether or not it is interesting, funny, exciting or riveting.  [34]  For example, in the article titled, Im a teenage mum of three,  [35]  the pull-quote, All of my friends lost their virginity before me, but I wanted to wait until I felt ready to have a baby  [36]   interests the reader into reading the article to find out why this teenager has three children by the age of seventeen. This is effective in attracting interest and attention to the article. However, other pull-quotes can seem completely irrelevant to the story. For example, an article titled My parents are both blind  [37]  with a pull quote: If someones playing kickball I run off coz Im scared about it hitting me  [38]   This pull-quote seems completely out of context, however, by causing confusion about the article teenagers are more likely to read the article. If only to find out how that pull-quote relates to an article about something perceivably different. Rhetorical questions invoke thought about the issue being addressed. If the issue is not a well-known topic questions such as: Does he love it? Hate it?  [39]   strategically placed at the beginning of the article encourages readers to engage in reading and contemplating the article. The composers of the magazines have, therefore, reached its purpose to persuade people to read their publications. Emphasised questions help to make the reader focus on what an article is addressing. The majority of the questions asked are answered within the body of the article. What can you do to stop the symptoms?  [40]   is answered, Learn new and better ways to deal with stress. Eat a varied diet and avoid foods that have a high fat content  [41]   This allows the reader to gain closure on the topic of discussion. If you were to pick up the latest Dolly magazine to find that there were no pictures at all, what would you think? Without images these magazines would have no appeal, people would just walk straight past them in a shop. The problem begins at the appropriateness of these visual images. Often an article would not survive without images or be overlooked if it was not for the suggestive images surrounding the text. The most prominent visual technique is a collage, especially on the front cover. It is the most effective way of putting a lot of information into a small space. A collage is used in Dollys Style section  [42]  and presents to the reader four celebrities, their fashion style, and the clothing articles and accessories they can obtain to achieve the same fashion style. Some articles, such as How Old Is She?  [43]  , could not exist without pictures. How do you demonstrate that a person looks young or old for their actual age without images? These pictures, however, seize the readers attention and intrigue them to find out how old these girls really are. Other pictures are used to tease the reader into reading the article. Images such as the one in Great Places To Kiss  [44]  catches the readers eye and provokes them to read the article. Even the image for the article Stop Texting Me!  [45]  provokes the reader. They see a girl with a mobile phone and quickly examine the article to see if it is of any interest to them. In Cosmopolitans fashion workshop  [46]  visual images are essential to explain why you should not wear certain types of underwear for different body shapes. However, Cosmopolitan has taken some poetic licence. In the images showing the reader what not to wear they place the model in an unflattering pose and appearing self-conscious. This creates the effect that it is not something the reader would want to wear. Of course, when the model is wearing what ultimately looks better she appears to be happy and confident, posing with a smile. A recurring way of presenting photos is in the notice board style. Each photo has a thick white border and a paper clip or thumb-tack in the corner, giving the effect that the photos are up on a notice board, attached to a personal profile or even part of a personal notebook.  [47]  Personalising these photos involves the reader in the magazine and creates a carefree atmosphere. Consequently, the combination of these techniques makes a teenage magazine intriguing to the reader. This results from being positioned by the composer in a location easily accessible to read or view the text. By making these magazines intriguing and easily accessible allows the magazines to sell many copies of each monthly issue. Magazines and Appropriateness Many people tend to focus on the negative aspects of what teenagers are reading in magazines. Christopher Bantick, The Age journalist, wrote: Besides the heavy emphasis on sex and problematic sex at that teenage girls magazines capitalize on adolescent insecurity.  [48]   Although this is accurate, Bantick could be optimistic and, instead of reinforcing common beliefs about magazines, he could address the fact that these magazines do aim to reach out to teenagers at their level and help them with their insecurities, whether that would be about sexual intercourse or not. Magazines have implemented sections within the magazines where their readers can write in to ask for advice  [49]  about something they feel uncomfortable asking their parents or even their friends. Many parents do not like what their daughters are reading in these teenage magazines, as evident by the Your Say section of The Age,  [50]  but many more are actually dejected that their daughters are growing up too fast and interested in such topics of discussion. Articles regarding Sex Exotica  [51]  would seem inappropriate for a 14-year-old female to be reading. Such an article may be appropriate for Cosmopolitans market audience, 18 to 35 year olds. However, the editors should take into account that a large percentage of the readers, 35.16 per cent  [52]  to be exact, are aged between 14 and 17. However, if Cleo and Cosmopolitan were to change their content to suit the younger readers than they may lose readers and they would not be aimed at the 18 to 35 year old market any longer. It seems, with these two magazines in particular, they are mostly focused on topics such as sexual intercourse. Parents feel these magazines are not appropriate because of a perceived breach of moral standards. Cosmopolitans morals were questioned when a monthly issue was on sale in a Woolworths store. They received many complaints about a headline regarding a guide to a mind-blowing blow-job.  [53]  Cosmopolitan were forced to place stickers over this headline as it was inappropriate for the consumers in a supermarket. Many critics consider it inappropriate for young teenagers to be reading material such as that in Cosmopolitan and Cleo, and it is just as inappropriate for pre-teenagers to be reading Dolly or Girlfriend with the content they represent. Magazines have the potential to influence young minds about what is acceptable and unacceptable in society as well as altering their way of thinking about sexual intercourse and gender roles. There are other reasons why teenage magazines appeal to a young audience. Firstly, there are the striking colours, secondly, the famous boy or girl splashed across the cover page and thirdly, the desire to be cooler and mature for their age. These magazines reveal little about the value of academic achievement and intellectual challenges. It is fair to say that the brain is not the hot organ at the centre of the teenage magazine world. This lack of concern about formal education is reflected in Dolly and Girlfriend with less than 20 per cent  [54]  of articles focused on education and/or intelligence. Only Cosmopolitan and Cleo frequently publish articles about careers. However, of the articles published in each magazine, less than 5 per cent  [55]  of the articles are based on careers. The effects of these magazines Teenage magazines can affect teenagers in many ways, both positively and negatively. However because people tend to focus on the negatives it appears as though most of these effects are, in fact, negative. A study by the British Medical Association  [56]  has shown that: The media are a significant and pervasive influence in modern society, and provide information about gender roles, fashion and acceptable body image which may be particularly influential on those young children and adolescents who are heavily exposed to its content  [57]   And: Young women may compare themselves to extremely thin models à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and perceive themselves as fat in comparison, rather than healthy and attractive  [58]   This sort of influence on an already insecure teenager could result in social and psychological problems. These include eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, anxiety problems, depression and low self-esteem in susceptible personalities. Such problems are not healthy for the individual and restrict their quality of life. These problems, especially anxiety and low self-esteem, may arise from viewing the cover of any teenage magazine. This visual imagery may cause teenagers to feel insecure about their own body image, out of touch with the latest trends and even confused. Positioned on the cover of Dolly  [59]  magazine, April 2005, is an image of singer, Jessica Simpson, who is thin, toned, tanned, blonde, beautiful and in public view is her tight stomach and ample bust. For any girl who is not one hundred per cent comfortable with her outward appearance that image can be disheartening and depressing. Those who do not recognise the name or face of the latest guys youd sell your best friend for  [60]  can feel as though they are not up with the latest gossip or workings of, so to speak, girl-world. Those who do not understand the headline Stuck in Bloat Town?  [61]  can become confused even before opening the magazine. All of these thoughts and feelings occur before the person has even open ed the magazine. Once the magazine is opened, however, the feelings may continue or cease, it all depends on what part of the magazine the reader focuses on. The advertisements tend to send a completely different message than the articles they are placed next to and results in vulnerable teenage girls feeling uncertain about what message the magazine is trying to send. This mainly occurs when an article about healthy body image is placed next to image displaying a perceivably flawless, thin model.  [62]   Another impact on teenagers is caused by the fashions that models are seen wearing in magazines. These fashions influence the readers preferences. Teenagers will believe that if they wear that brand of clothing and that style of clothing they will look better and impress. This is not always the case, the clothes in magazines are often suggestive and send the wrong message. It could be interpreted that shes asking for trouble and a rebel when she is only following trends being fed by the magazines. Males can also be affected by these magazines, as well as females. It is a widely known fact that these images misrepresent the ideal body image for females but: There is growing awareness regarding the pressure men and boys are under to appear muscular.  

Good vs. Evil in The Friars Tale :: essays research papers fc

Society has always judged a person on his level of morality. This level of judgment has been evident since the immoral acts of Adam and Eve were committed. Some of these acts are dishonesty, adultery, and ignorance. â€Å"The Friar’s Tale† makes these moral issues clear through various characters. The summoner and the Devil both show dishonesty, abuse of power, and mercilessness. In this short story, Chaucer illustrates the theme of immorality and how it affects the character of all the persons in the tale. .Characters display dishonesty in â€Å"The Friar’s Tale†. The summoner steals the money that he collects from peasants. Chaucer illustrates this act of immorality when he says, â€Å"Now truly†¦so do I. I never spare to take a thing, knows God, unless it be too heavy or too hot. What I get for myself, and privately, no kind of conscience for such things have I†. (170-174). The summoner is being dishonest to the people that he collects from by not telling him that he keeps the money. The summoner admits to the Devil that he steals. The summoner also says that he has no conscience. Therefore he can not be kept from evil. (Gray 115) Bowden addresses the summoner’s immorality when he states, â€Å"Fact and fiction both condemn him as especially licentious and dishonest. He also mentions how Gower writes of him as pretending to be poor but, in actuality, as being as rich as a king† (Bowden 55). Stealing is immoral, and Bowden reinforces that the summoner is immoral and steals beyond need. He is also being dishonest to his Archdeacon by not giving him the collections. The devil persuade the summoner into committing immoral acts. He makes the summoner believe that he himself is a thief as well. We see this happen when the devil says, â€Å"My wages are right scanty, and but small. My lord is harsh to me and niggardly, my job is most laborious, you see; and therefore by extortion do I live† (162-165). Hallissy agrees when he states, â€Å"When Geoffrey comments that the friar likes the company of such people better than that of lepers and beggars†¦such worldly values are inappropriate in a follower of Christ†. (Hallissy 33). By hanging out with those of higher status, the friar proves that he is not carrying out his vows. Hallissy suggests that the summoner, who should be a model for the community, is immoral.

The Nature of Evil Essay -- Morality

Evil is the violation of a moral code. Evil is the dualistic opposite of good. Evil causes harm. While scattered dictionaries may offer these clear-cut definitions, in reality a theme so prevalent in all spheres of life from the dawn of man takes on limitless forms. The word itself has come to symbolize the dividing line between regular people and callous monsters; demonic criminals who show no sign of compassion and no adherence to virtue. Ideas concerning evil have been strung along through the schools of theology, the minds of society, and the theories of philosophy throughout the history of mankind. The dichotomy between the opposing ideas of good and evil sets apart a gray area ignored by the black and white view of morality. In this gray area, reason, incentive, and relativism come into light. It is only when one investigates the meaning of evil from religious, social, and philosophical vantage points that they may truly discover the nature of evil. In religion, the concepts of good and evil refer to a range of objects, desires, and behaviors which constitute morally positive and morally negative consequences on a spiritual level. Good is a broad concept typically comprised by associations with charity, happiness, love, and prosperity. Evil, on the other hand, can represent deliberate wrongdoing, actions designed to harm others, humiliation of people with the intent to diminish their needs and dignity, and acts of violence. Although each major religion varies in its distinctions of the two conceptions of morality, good and bad are cultural universals originating from Pre-Socratic philosophical notions. Morality in its absolute sense can be traced back to the dialogues of Plato. Book IV of Plato’s â€Å"Republic† ... ...ed on their experiences. Works Cited Eagleton, Terry. "The Nature Of Evil." Tikkun 26.1 (2011): 80-94. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. Formosa, Paul. "Kant On The Radical Evil Of Human Nature." Philosophical Forum 38.3 (2007): 221-245. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. Thomas Aquinas, SUMMA THEOLOGICA, translated by the Fathers of the English Dominician Province (New York: Benziger Brothers, 1947) Volume 3, q. 72, a. 1, p. 902 Hans Schwarz, Evil: A Historical and Theological Perspective (Lima, Ohio: Academic Renewal Press, 2001): 42–43 Gaymon Bennett, Ted Peters, Martinez J. Hewlett, Robert John Russell (2008). "The evolution of evil". Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p.318. Parry, Richard D. "Morality And Happiness: Book IV Of Plato's Republic." Journal Of Education 178.3 (1996): 31. Academic Search Complete. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Developing an Advertising Program Essay

In developing an advertising program, marketing managers must always start by identifying the targetmarket and buyer motives. Then they can make the five major decisions, known as ? the five Ms?. y Mission:It states the objectives of the advertising. It also includes the sales goals of thecompany. The different company has its own mission, and its own marketing plan. y Money:It gives an idea that how much money should be spent by the company for theadvertisement. Factors to be considered for this are stage of product life cycle, market shareand consumer base, competition, advertisement frequency and product substitutability. Organizations use several methods for determining advertising budgets including:affordable method, percentage-of-sales, competitive-parity method, objective-and-task method : y Message: Message includes what message should be spent in advertisement. It includesmessage generation, message evaluation and selection, message execution and socialresponsibility review. Media:It includes which media should be used for the advertisement.  It also includes reach,frequency, and impact of the advertisement. It also contains major media types, mediavehicles, media timing and geographical media allocation. y Measurement: it is nothing but evaluation of the results. It measures communicationimpact and sales impact by an advertisement. 1) Setting The ObjectivesThe advertising objectives must flow from prior decisions on target market, brand positioning and themarketing program. Informative advertising:The prime objective of the advertising is to inform the existing and potentialcustomers about the product. Persuasive advertising:It aims to create liking preference, conviction and purchase of a product orservice. Persuasion will create demand of the product. Reminder advertising:It aims to simulate repeat purchase of products and services. This will remind thecustomers that the product may be needed in the near future. Reinforcement advertising:It aims to convince current purchases that they made the right choice.

School of Rock Review

You and your whole family will love the brand new film about to hit the big screen.. School of Rock! The lead role, Dewey Finn, is played by the legendary Jack Black (and I must admit, nobody could do any better) and direction is done by Richard Linklater, who appears to do an amazing job. After being kicked out of his garage band for the latest 10 minute long guitar solos, wannabe rock star, Dewey Finn must find a way to earn some money to pay his rent. Living in his best friend Ned's spare room with the constant furious temper of Ned's fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Patti, Dewey is desperate to find a way to put a new band together better than any other, in order to fulfil Dewey's dream of winning Battle of the Bands. Teaching children would not be the most obvious of solutions, but when Dewey sees his chance to earn some extra money, he can't get to the chalkboard quick enough! After a day of Dewey putting his feet up and listening to children endlessly begging for learning and education, he soon comes to realise that the children have a very special talent for music. Suddenly, Dewey's enthusiasm for his teaching job no longer is the centre of attention in his mind; spotting a peculiar way to put a band together, he then replaces curriculum lessons with a schedule based around rock, consisting of homework involving listening to Dewey's collection of rock CD's. With the Battle of the Bands contest getting even closer, Dewey has to match his snobby school children to his hard-rocking competition. School of rock has everything a successful rock band needs, from lead guitarist to groupies, just inside the classroom. There's a feel good feel to the film, changing Dewey for the better, he learns to genuinely see the talent in the children. What impressed me most about School of rock is the hilarious comedy enough to make you wet your pants. Not everyone will enjoy School of Rock, and it's one of those films that'll require you to be in a good mood to enjoy, but if you are – you definitely will.

Hazara people Essay

The book is superior to the film in many ways. Both of these versions of the story are very well fulfilled, however I believe that book has more detail and explains the story better. The book is superior to the film because the author described various facets of Amir’s emotional world, it showed Baba dying, and included important parts of the struggle Amir and Sohrab went through to get to America together. In the book, the author gets into the detail of Amir’s feelings and inner conflicts between himself and Hassan. In the movie it only shows a few scenes that you can truly point out his guilt towards what he had done to Hassan. In the book it says, â€Å"I hit him with another pomegranate, in the shoulder this time. The juice splattered his face. ‘Hit me back! ’ I spat. ‘Hit me back goddamn you! ’I wished he would. I wished he’d give me the punishment I craved, so maybe I could finally sleep that night. † (92) This quote is proof that Amir still feels guilt inside of him for leaving Hassan the day he got raped by Assef. It also demonstrates Hassan’s loyalty towards Amir. Assef was the older boy who picked on Hassan and Amir because Hassan was Hazara. Amir wanted him to punish him for not standing up for him like Hassan had done since they could walk. This was the point in the film that you could tell that Amir was feeling guilt from not helping Hassan. In the book however, there was much more detail and I could tell that he was feeling guilt from this situation and when he told his father that Hassan couldn’t go on the trip with them because he had a cold. Also, in the book I could predict why Baba never wanted to let go of Hassan and Ali. The author gave hints that there was something going on between Hassan and Baba up until the part Amir found out Hassan was his half-brother from Rahim Khan. In the movie, it was hard to tell there was a reason Baba wanted to keep Hassan and Ali until Amir asked what he thought about getting new servants. By Baba’s reaction in the movie it just seemed that he wanted to keep them because he and Ali had grown to be the best of friends. However, it was not really Ali Baba was trying to save. In the book Baba says, â€Å"‘Hassan’s not going anywhere. ’† This was the biggest sign that I thought the author gave. This quote is only one example of when the author gave a clue that Hassan meant more than a normal servant did to Baba. The book is superior to the film by the suggestions given by the author about Hassan meaning a lot to Baba. The next reason the book is superior to the film is because the movie skipped important parts of Baba’s sickness. First of all, the film did not even say Baba was sick. The author made sure that he stated Baba had cancer and that he had to live with Amir and Soraya so that they could take care of him and give him his pain medication. In the film it only showed Baba coughing once and the scene that he died in. In the book, the author included many different incidences that Baba was suffering and coughing. Also, in the chapter that Baba died you could tell that he was dying and when he said he didn’t want his medications that night I knew he was going to die. However, in the film it did not show Baba until Amir brought him to sleep. Baba was one of the main characters in the story and I believe that the film should have shown him suffering, and dying. Later on in the story Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan saying that he needed him to come to Pakistan. When Amir got there Rahim Khan told Amir a heartbreaking secret that everyone knew except him. Rahim Khan told him that he had to go and get his nephew in Kabul. In the novel, the author explains the whole story that Amir and Sohrab went through so that Amir could take Sohrab back to America to live with him and Soraya. The film missed all of the trouble they went through to get him there. In the book, the two of them went through troubles including when Sohrab tried to kill himself. This was another turning point of the novel. It was a huge event that I think should have been included in the film. When Sohrab attempted to kill himself I thought that was his way of showing that he could not trust Amir anymore and that he didn’t want to go to America no matter what it took. But when he found out that he didn’t have to go back to an orphanage he was truly happy to go with Amir. In the film, it cut out everything, even though these were important events. In the novel it says, â€Å"‘We’re going to America! ’ I pushed the door open. Stepped into the bathroom. Suddenly, I was on my knees, screaming. Screaming through my clenched teeth. Screaming until my throat would rip and my chest explode. † (343) This was the part of the novel that Sohrab tried to kill himself. This quote was very important in the novel. I think this because you do not know what exactly Amir is screaming about, but you know it’s bad. The author did a good job at this part because it almost forced you to continue reading to see what happened to Sohrab. The book was able to capture all of the details about the characters and their emotions and the situations they were in. However, the movie skimmed the interactions of Amir, Hassan, Baba, and Rahim Khan at times. In conclusion, the book is superior to the film. The AUTHOR did a beautiful job writing the story about Amir’s life and his guilt and the redemption he experienced.

Mid-Term Break and On My First Sonne Comparison Essay

Discuss the ways in which these poets explore the universal themes of grief and loss. (Seamus Heaney’s ‘Mid-Term Break’ and Ben Johnson’s ‘On My First Sonne’. In this essay I will be comparing and contrasting the two poems ‘Mid-Term Break’ by Seamus Heaney and ‘On My First Sonne’ by Ben Johnson. I will be focusing on their elegaic qualities aswell as their universal themes of grief and loss. ‘Mid-Term Break’ is about the aftermath of Seamus Heaney’s 4 year old brother’s tragic death and how his family and friends express their emotions and cope with the sudden loss. Whereas the 17th Century poet, Ben Johnson is writing to express his sorrow for the death of his 7 year old son dealing with his feelings of loss rather than thinking about the reasons for the death or the effects of this on the rest of the family. These are the intended effects they both have which I will be exploring and I shall be outlining reasons for this aswell in the rest of this essay including the interesting poetic devices and structure Ben Johnson and Seamus Heaney use and how they are similar and different from each other. ‘On My First Sonne’ was published on the year 1616 and is therefore more religiously based as at that time life was dominated by religious views. ‘Mid-Term Break’ was published in the 1980s so this will help me analyse the views of the 20th Century in comparison to the 17th Century and this is a main area I will be focusing on after an in-depth analysis of the intended effects of these poets when writing their poems. ‘On My First Sonne’ has a different intended effect overall in comparison to ‘Mid-Term Break’. One of the main reasons for this is that Ben Johnson is writing as a literal attempt to reach out to his son to say his final farewell with lines such as ‘Rest in soft peace, and, ask’d, say here doth lye’ which makes it seem that Johnson is communicating with his son. Seamus Heaney’s poem is more of a narrative describing what happened on the day of his four year old brother’s sudden death. In my opinion it seems as if Seamus Heaney is sharing his experience with other people who may have suffered in the same way and is exploring the emotions of more than just his own. To exemplify this point, on lines 4 and 5 it says ‘I met my father crying – He had always taken funerals in his stride.’ This contrasts between ‘On My First Sonne’ and ‘Mid-Term Break’ on two levels, the first being that Ben Johnson has only included his own feelings in this poem such as on line 2 which says ‘My sinne was too much hope of thee, lov’d boy’ This has the effect that his poem is private between him and his son and is like a one-sided conversation. Whereas ‘Mid-Term Break’ has a different intended audience altogether, I know this because the style of Heaney’s poem is a first-person point of view in the format of a story and there are more emotions and feelings described including his parents and family members’ aswell as friends. By analysing the poetic voice and intent I can confidently make an opinion that ‘Mid-Term Break’ elegizes Heaney’s loss of his brother and ‘On My First Sonne’ is a lamentation for the loss of Johnson’s son. Both poets explore the themes of grief and loss in their poems. An example of the emotions of grief in ‘Mid-Term Break’ can be explained by line 4 which identifies the many elements he has incorporated in a subtle and in this case a distinct manner which says ‘I met my father crying’, this blatantly shows the mourning of a close family member. But this feature does not appear in ‘On My First Sonne’, not only that he has not described anyone’s feelings other than his own but he does not show expressions of grief in such a blunt form as in Heaney’s poem. Johnson has described in line 5, ‘O, could I loose all father, now. For why’, that he has intense grief and is questioning faith for why it happened to him. But the abrupt features account for the theme of loss in each poem aswell which is similarly very open in ‘Mid-Term Break’ leaving nothing to the imagination, it paints a full picture of the scene in line 16, saying ‘Snowdrops and candles soothed the bedside I saw him for the first time in six weeks. Paler now,’ this tells the reader the loss that everyone suffered and a place of mourn was set up for a long time in Heaney’s brother’s old room. Also, the themes of loss do not only reflect on what family members and friends suffered. It suggests the loss of a childhood in two forms, Heaney and his brother. The reason being that obviously a child has passed away, but Heaney had to act very mature and throw away his child-like naivety to be told the horrible truth and to cope with the situation. I know this because it says ‘When I came in, I was embarrassed by old men standing up to shake my hand’ which is on lines 8 and 9, he was uncomfortable with the maturity and attention he had to face and so shows embarrassment when he had to deal with people in a mature manner. On the other hand, ‘On My First Sonne’ does not fully show the reader that Johnson has encountered loss but with such lines as ‘Seven yeeres tho’ wert lent to me, and I thee pay,’ (line 3) it tells the reader that he has had seven years of joy with his son and relates it to ‘borrowed’ time that was paid back to god, subtly including his religious views which dominated the era of the 1600s. The themes of grief and loss are overall shown in a more distinct manner in Heaney’s poem whereas Ben Johnson has mainly kept these descriptions more subtle and suggestive. There is a highly effective word, ‘father’, that in context of line 3 ‘could I loose all father, now’ is a great example to the religious as opposed to secular world of the 17th century as it has two meanings; the first is that father is another name for God, Christianity was the dominant religion and is a very dramatic word even in the 21st Century for religious believers as he is questioning his faith for why God has bestowed a horrible life-changing experience against him. In other words, he is saying ‘could I lose all faith, now’. The other meaning for ‘father’ is that Johnson had lost his son and status as a parent. Alternatively, in Seamus Heaney’s poem he has used next to no religious suggestions and phrases at all. Instead, he has entered a mainly secular approach with sentences that have hidden meanings such as ‘The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pram’ which represents the care-free, naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve life of a child. Each poem has a completely different structure from one another; the first factor I can clearly see is the layout of the stanzas which in ‘Mid-Term Break’ has a clear 3 line pattern. But underneath this outline shows enjambment from stanzas 3 to 5 which is very effective in linking the stanzas together. This technique is used probably to tell a story of what happened when he went into his home on the first day home from college since his brother had died and is effective at creating a scene as it wasn’t limited to 3 lines in a stanza. ‘On My First Sonne’ is entirely different altogether in the fact that the full poem has only one stanza which is 12 lines long but is similar in a way that it isn’t limited to a number of lines in separate stanzas. A small factor I can also see is the final line in ‘Mid-Term Break’ which has a great effect in compelling the reader to make up their minds on how he was feeling in an eerie final sentence. In terms of the language choice he has used in my opinion he is expressing anger by using the dramatic metaphor ‘A four foot box, a foot for every year’ which means that his brother was only four years old. Ben Johnson has included a dramatic sentence that represents the bad influences and effects the world has on a child and that his son has escaped it in line 7 which says ‘To have soon scap’d worlds and fleshes rage’, this represents that he has escaped evil and temptation (In the Lord’s Prayer). Overall, my opinion on these two poems is that Seamus Heaney’s ‘Mid-Term Break’ and Ben Johnson’s ‘On My First Sonne’ although similar in representing the themes of grief and loss, are two very different poems in factors such as their intended audiences and religious / secular views. The structure of the poems are very different in stanzas and grammar (Because of era when published) and both of the poems do explore the themes in a similar way but for different intended purposes.

Architecture of Integrated Information Systems †MyAssignmenthelp

In B Bakery, the performance is based on the growth with the orders set for the new healthy product ranges where Bakery has lost some of the key accounts when they are producing some of the products at the best competitive rates. B Bakery is the company which can work on the selling of the products to the supermarkets and the different pub chains. The customer base is mixed with the prominent business that comes from being their customer. They also tend to produce the bakery products with the supplies done to the other business and the shops. The focus has been on the bakery business needs where there is a need to handle the production units, supply chain management, sales and the marketing. The company works for handling the accounts, finance, and the HR management process. With this, the supply chain management needs to take care of the buying of the raw material from the different other business like the poultry farm and the fruit shops, with the flour suppliers. The production is based on the bakery products with the management of the inventory and the logistics management. This will help in storing the products and the delivery of the orders to the different shops, and the eatable areas. (Romnney et al., 2012). The accounts are managed through the accounting activities, where the payment is made to the suppliers, and the payment is generally from the customers. The payroll management is to take hold of the staff and to work on handling the hiring, payroll systems effectively for the staff. The final sales are through the taking of order and then selling the products by properly exploring for the different markets. The marketing is based on the promotion of the business where the frame is depending upon handling the processes which are mainly affected by the sales, and the accounts as well. To check on the problems, the supply needs to handle the production which could be affected due to the different reasons, which will lead to the problems in the sales and the accounts. (Ismail et al., 2014). Hence, when the business loses some accounts, then the business must manage with the lesser sales along with which HR management also suffers. The bakery needs to focus on taking care of the business processes like the equipment for the bakery and the chefs so that they can provide with the better quality of the food to the people. The goal of the business is to process and provide the best to the customer so that he comes back with the more customers. The individual activities can be divided into the org anizations and mainly among the people. Hence, it is important for the business to work on the value-added chain systems which include the process with the supply of goods and services that would lead to the span of the several business systems. The economic benefits are generated when there is a change in the business administrative systems that does not differ from the use of the systems and the business systems. The analysis and the modeling are necessary to define the limits as well as to consider where the bakery can provide the connection of the interfaces with easy management. (Anandarajan et al., 2012). The processes of the bakery of the business are based on the core business patterns, where the supply chain management and the production will help in the easy management of the HRM and the accounts. Here, the accounts are important for the business as it will help in fuel to the whole business process. The B bakery is important for the growth in the last few years as this will help in handling the accounting difficulties in an effective manner. The dedication of the team is mainly to the accounting experts who work on the bookkeeping processes for the business. (Domeika, 2015). The setup of the company depends upon decision-making activities where the company has to focus on their competitive prices as well. It has been seen that the company has lost some of the valuable customers as well. Hence, it is important for the business to focus on the needs with the information for easy and fast running and functioning of the system. The information is likely to affect the business process es with the decisions of the strategic forms that will bring a change in the business to a higher level of success. (Bajdor et al., 2014). There is accounting information for the business that includes the availability of the software for a purpose where B Bakery tends to acquire: The enhancement of the accounts and its sales. The integration setup with the business processes which is mainly for handling the accounting systems with the efficient decision-making processes. The investments primarily in the accounting software that will lead to the customization of the business process. The implementation of the ERP and AIS that is set for the business where ERP will lead to the integration of the business with the better platform for AIS. (Talk, 2016). The business of the bakery needs to focus on the core business processes which will include the performance of the market. The first focus is to be on the business processes and the information. The transactional and the operational information is important for the processing and the decision making in an effective manner. The accounting is the process that will help in easy connection to the different process of business. Hence, for the proper information standards, there is a need for the accounts with the information from the different processes. (Kuperman et al., 2013). The standards are set for the suppliers and the stock in the inventory, amount of the sales and the possible margins to handle the cost of the raw materials as well, costing with the labor charge. These are important for the setting of the competitive pricing for a particular product where the information comes from the different business processes. The standards are set to maintain the integration and the needs o f the business processes and the systems. This includes the forms of the integration which will be able to integrate with the better compatibility and the faster process of business. Hence, there are forms which include the help in earning more revenue. AIS tends to implement the ERP structure or the integration of the ERP implementation. This will also help in providing the structure to the business along with collecting and managing the process, storing and retrieving the financial information from the business analysts, managers, and the other accountants or the tax consultants. (Grabara et al., 2014). The ERP will tend to integrate the functions and the processes of the business. For this, the integration is set where the valuable source of information comes from the business patterns, where AIS tends to focus mainly on the business forecasting information with the proper analysis of the historical information. The system requirements are based on the ERP and the AIS implementation which are important for handling the system objectives of the company. This is mainly based on the ERP software that will lead to the integration of the different business processes along with sharing the data with the centralized database. Here, the focus is on the AIS process that will lead to the access of information from the different processes of business. (Wiegers et al., 2013). The processing   is better and accurate depending upon the forms and the fundamental functions which include: The AIS is important for the effectiveness, and the efficient data processing as the data acquired is set for the operations and the different transactions of the company. There are forms where the functions need to work on the transaction sources that will help in easy documentation process as well. The transactions need to record the journals, where the journal records are for the proper detail of the events which are related to the company. Then, there is a need to transfer the data from the journal to the ledgers. The ledger is set to sort the data which is based on the different accounts. AIS works on the different software patterns which will help in the easy management of the decision making process along with working on the information that comes from the database and the analysis. There are categories for the management, managerial reports and the handling of the financial statements. (Komala, 2012). AIS works on the software standards where there is a need to handle the control with assuring the ability to rely on the information which is being produced by the software. This is also for the ensuring of the efficiency with the business activities that is set by the management objectives. The accounting software is based on the applications which work on the account payables and the payroll systems. This is important for the proper handling of the in-house by the organization. It includes the on-line based access that is set for the different devices and for the suppliers to handle the areas of accounting. The pattern is based on the stock and inventory processes where the company tends to keep the control of the inventory with the purchase order when the order is set with the sales for the different customers. The implementation in the bakery of AIS is active as it will help in handling the total costs which are more than the actual software costs. (Berente et al., 2012). The midmarket and the larger applications are set through the resellers and the developers which lead to the customization and support of the services. There are lower end market systems with the inexpensive application software that allow the general business accounting functions to be performed de pending upon the market standards. The business is set with the lower end systems where there are no major adequate security or the auditing trials. This is based on the wide range of the business software that is capable of working on the different needs as well as the multiple currencies. The framework is mainly to include the industry standards with the robust database functionalities. The higher end specifications are for the applications with, the smaller development team, increased risks of the business failure and the reduced availability of support. (Madapusi et al., 2012). With the change of technology, AIS works on the software vendors who can offer the wider range of advanced software generally at the lower price. For this, there is a major focus on handling the companies and then dealing with the multiple stages of the growth. This will help in realizing and growing the larger market with the various locations in size. With the software vendors, they can provide with the offer that will increase the advanced software at a lower price. Along with this, there is a need to check on the suitable formats for the companies at the different stages of growth. This ensures that the features of the mid-market and the high-end software include the advancement of the customization and the scalable database. The forms are also set with the expansion of the business overseas or then allowing the workers to connect to the home office. (Grabinskia et al., 2014). The options are mainly to work on the Software as a Service application that will lead to the accessibility from the different locations. The selection of the B Bakery being the family-owned firm is based on the business, where there are 70 employees. The company needs to categorize the medium to the large-scale company where the solutions are set for the business. It is important for the small business and the home-based business which have 1-5 members. There is software which can handle the delivery of the financial accounting functionality, their review, and the reports. AIS like the QuickBooks, SAGE and the XERO is set as certain examples. This includes the class of the AIS which is important for the small to the medium scale business with 100 active users. The software is also able to handle the different functionalities where the high demands are mainly for the information support.   (Davenport, 2013). The reports are relating to the software which is scalable and then associated with the database which is completely robust.   Certain other examples are Exact Max, QuickBooks Enterprise, CYMA, Microsoft Dynamics, SAP by design. This is based on the AIS that allows the organization to have more than 100 active users. The system can handle the different features and the functionalities which are based on the SAP, Oracle, etc. This is for the different processes that include the AIS for the SMB where there are support from50 active users for the diversified times with the range of accounting and the other financial activities. Here, the forms are set for the business intelligence, HR, and the web services to handle the manufacturing and the distribution of the services. It includes the better customer relationship management. The solutions could easily be set with the customization based on the processes that include the software with high modularity, stability, and the flexibility. The needs are mainly for the Microsoft Windows Environment and the Microsoft SQL which is based on the backend database. (Hoffer, 2012). The implementation is important for the client-server or the online platform. This works on the basis where there is support for the setting of operations with the easy use of the software. The integration is based on the different modules of the software which works on the maximization of the ROI of the business. The decision-making processes with the users can easily identify and define the forms which include the users who can add the defined fields with the business rules. The decision-making processes are important for performing the specific tasks with the customization that will lead to handling the need for the gradation. This can handle the different key functions with the proper production planning, logistics, and the quality management in an effective manager. Here, the training and the corporate services are set for the real estate management so that the system can build the best support for the service oriented architectures. (Belfo et al., 2013). The project standards a re set with the companies who try to plan for the implementation and then upgrading to the SAP ERP systems with easy integration of the system to save the implementation from the failure. The deployment and the maintenance costs are based on the improved production efficiency with the minimization of the shortage and the interruption functions. Here, the forms are set with the generalized accounting solutions that are for the SMB data. Here, a proper lookup has been for the SaaS details which are related to the cloud accounting solutions. The robust sets are for the professional services and to work on the integrated process of the finance, CRM. The companies belong to the light manufacturing industry with the suitable form of the implementation of the software. The advantages for this are: The easy access to the software, support mainly for the international account as well as the financial transaction support. The multi-currency and the multi-language support is improving the cost of ownership, which reduces and the management is set across the organization in a controlled manner. Here, the forms are also established for the cloud-based solutions with the built-in of the disaster recovery system and the enhanced support for the security. The forms are set for the B Bakery system where the software need to work on the integration of the platform with the capability to handle the different operations as well as the transactions of the decision-making process. A proper use of the SAGE 100 ERP will help in improving the quality of the accounting software. With this, there is a possibility to work on the different business process and check on the connection with the integrated platforms. There are different ranges of the business which are available on the system through the software, where the vendors, customers, and the in-house users tend to connect to the system mainly through the BYOD. The management of the CRM, sales and the integrated platform helps in easy transformation of the raw data with easy processing that will add the advantage to the system. The information from the business comes with the intelligence analysis, where the system is through the discovery of the potential customer, products and the demand for the market management. For this, there is a need to check on the safer stock control which will help in easy understanding and change the procedures of the potential customers. The understanding is based on the customer r equirements with the hold of the easy and the better formats of work.   (Hooffer, 2012). The relationship is based on integration with the forms of the product stability, maintenance, integration, and the reports. This is based on the collaboration with the social media that will help in easy delivering of the better CRM experience. The information from the business intelligence will also help in maintaining the records of the customer with the historical and the inventory data that is based on the understanding of the potential customers, and their requirements. The billing and the other operations could easily be set through the billing and payment modules that are for the invoicing and handling the quick payment factors. (Stair et al., 2012). The expenses are for the invoices which could easily be reduced to the forms that include the automation process with the lesser effort. The forms of the Days Sales Outstanding is reduced with the redundant form of the data entry where the time required for the invoicing is based on the handling of the processes of billion and th e automated invoicing. The processes for the SAGE ERP 100 is set for the managers to handle the processing of the orders, payment and the collection in an easy manner. The information could easily be added to the system of ERP with the forms where the company has the liability to work on earning more revenue and the benefit. The receiving of the ROI (Return on Investment) will be more and faster with the improved functions. The standards of the transformation will depend on the relationship services along with working over the different system standards. (Davenport, 2013). For the easy management of the system, there is a need to focus on the business processes which is set through the integrated and the simplified, robust version. (Madapusi et al., 2012). Here, the management and the fulfillment of the orders is based on organizing the system in an effective manner. The services are set to the value added formats which are for the software development. The business also applies to the addition of the AIS implementation with the statistics that tend to achieve the advantages. Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A. and Srinivasan, C.A. eds., 2012.  Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science & Business Media. Bajdor, P. and Grabara, I., 2014. 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The Polish accounting system and IFRS implementation process in the view of empirical research.  Accounting and Management Information Systems,  13(2), p.281. Hoffer, J.A., 2012.  Modern Systems Analysis and Design, 6/e. Pearson Education India. Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.  Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,  1(1-2), pp.1-20. Komala, A.R., 2012. The influence of the accounting managers' knowledge AND the top managements' support on the accounting information system and its impact on the quality of accounting information: A case of zakat institutions in Bandung.  Journal of Global Management,  4(1), pp.53-73. Kuperman, G.J., Gardner, R.M. and Pryor, T.A., 2013.  HELP: a dynamic hospital information system. Springer Science & Business Media. Madapusi, A. and D'Souza, D., 2012. The influence of ERP system implementation on the operational performance of an organization.  International Journal of Information Management,  32(1), pp.24-34. Romney, M.B. and Steinbart, P.J., 2012.  Accounting information systems. Boston: Pearson. Scheer, A.W., 2012.  Architecture of integrated information systems: foundations of enterprise modelling. Springer Science & Business Media. Stair, R.M., Reynolds, G.W., Kelly Jr, R., Rainer, E.T., Richard, E., Shelly, G.B. and Cashman, T.J., 2012. Principles of information systems.  System,  4, p.L09. Talk, O.M., 2016. Operations management. Wiegers, K. and Beatty, J., 2013.  Software requirements. Pearson Education.